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Vignettes and other documentation


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Vignettes from package 'utf8'

utf8::utf8 Unicode: Emoji, accents, and international text HTML source
--- title: "Unicode: Emoji, accents, and international text" output: rmarkdown::html_vignette vignette: > %\VignetteIndexEntry{Unicode: Emoji, accents, and international text} %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown} %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8} --- Character encoding ------------------ Before we can analyze a text in R, we first need to get its digital representation, a sequence of ones and zeros. In practice this works by first choosing an *encoding* for the text that assigns each character a numerical value, and then translating the sequence of characters in the text to the corresponding sequence of numbers specified by the encoding. Today, most new text is encoded according to the [Unicode standard][unicode], specifically the 8-bit block Unicode Transfer Format, [UTF-8][utf8]. Joel Spolsky gives a good overview of the situation in an [essay from 2003][spolsky2003]. The software community has mostly moved to UTF-8 as a standard for text storage and interchange, but there is still a large volume of text in other encodings. Whenever you read a text file into R, you need to specify the encoding. If you don't, R will try to guess the encoding, and if it guesses incorrectly, it will wrongly interpret the sequence of ones and zeros. We will demonstrate the difficulties of encodings with the text of Jane Austen's novel, _Mansfield Park_ provided by [Project Gutenberg][gutenberg]. We will download the text, then read in the lines of the novel. ```r # download the zipped text from a Project Gutenberg mirror url <- "http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/gutenberg/1/4/141/141.zip" tmp <- tempfile() download.file(url, tmp) # read the text from the zip file con <- unz(tmp, "141.txt", encoding = "UTF-8") lines <- readLines(con) close(con) ``` The `unz` function and other similar file connection functions have `encoding` arguments which, if left unspecified default to assuming that text is encoded in your operating system's native encoding. To ensure consistent behavior across all platforms (Mac, Windows, and Linux), you should set this option explicitly. Here, we set `encoding = "UTF-8"`. This is a reasonable default, but it is not always appropriate. In general,should determinappropriate `encoding` value by looking at Unfortunately, exten`".txt"` is notrmative, and ccorrespond to. However, if we readrst few linefile, we seeollowing: ```r [11:20] ``` [1] "Author: Jane Austen" [2] "" [3] "Release Date: June, 1994 [Etext #141] [4] "PostingFebruary 11, 2015 [56] "Language: English [78] "Character set: ASCII [9[10] "*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANSFIELD PARK ***"The c is reported as, which subseUTF-8. Sobe in good shape. we run into trous soon as we try to processxtcorpus::term_stats() # produces an errorError in : arguentry 15252 is mark"": invalid leabyte (0xA3) at position 36 message tells uslinecontainbyte.5252the command of her beautyher \xa320,000,one whosatisfy theWe mwoire are owithdata. Wefind all suchusing`utf8_`:!So,noines.offeninplay`\xa3`,scape code for hexadecimal0xa3, 163. Tostand why this isneelearnabout ----- ###smallest unidatafer on modern computers ibyte, a sequence of eond zerocane a numbtween 0255 (0x00xff). Inearliestss from 0 to 127 to 0x7f) were ardizing knownthe American S CodIon Interchange. Htso thessdematrix(0:127, 8, 16, byrow = TRUE, dim = list(0:7, c(0:9, letters[1:6]))) ascii <- apply(, c(1, 2), intToUtf8) # replacerol""["0"6, "e", "f")] <-1",7 print(, quote = FALSE) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f 0\a \b \t \n \v \f \r 1 2 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 3: ; < = > ? 4 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \\ ] ^ _ 6 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 7 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ T32(two rowtable)special moston of, `0x0a` denotes a n (`\n`). Th0` oftenndinputR doeallowintrings.`0x7f`s "delete". Whenll ``,slow leve` subroutinmat; they uXXXX`foudigits `orUYYYY `(1:0x0f)[1] \u000123456\a\b\t\n\v\f\refCompare outputtheR 001\002\003\004\005\016\017B below 128octalssome differenceswehighl. 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